68. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. The perspective is overly precise. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. a. Fritz Perls
b. Joseph Wolpe
c. Abraham Maslow
d. Aaron Beck, 123. c. cognitive-behavioral
Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. What are some issues facing the biological model? What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. a. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. 2.3.3.2. Over time I learned that attention was good. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. d. Freud. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. b. exposure therapy. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. b. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. 36. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. c. regression. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is:
a. authentic. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. 2.2.2.3.
2.3.4. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Schemas and cognitive errors. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to:
a. develop depression when under stress. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called:
a. primary prevention. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. d. latency stage. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? 19. d. catharsis. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. 18. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. b. resistance. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? d. latent content. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. b. existential
Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. 134. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. d. reality principle. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. a. Sociocultural; biological
b. Psychodynamic; existential
c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral
d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. a. multicultural
b. biological
c. humanistic
d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. 156. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. This is a physical aspect of what disease? a. psychodynamic
b. sociocultural
c. humanist-existential
d. cognitive-behavioral. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. c. Beck. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. a. psychodynamic
b. behavioral
c. humanist-existential
d. sociocultural. b. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. c. operant conditioning. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder.
Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. c. result of childhood trauma. 128. You are doing your best. They are tied to experiences early in life. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:
a. id. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. Is this correct? d. damage control. d. lend itself easily to research. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. 56. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. 83. 147. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? A patient has social anxiety disorder. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of:
a. Rogers. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. 32. c. psychodynamic. b. self-actualization. d. past traumatic experiences. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). 72. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of:
a. current thinking in the mental health profession. b. behavior-focused therapists. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called:
a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). This is called:
a. fixation. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? a. quaternary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. meta. c. role-playing. They are tied to experiences early in life. Thats all right. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. 57. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. a. psychodynamic
b. cognitive
c. humanistic-existential
d. behavioral, 60. a. to lessen the power of thoughts
b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others
c. to decrease internal negative self-talk
d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). b. biological forces, culture, and learning. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:
a. dendrites. Consider your parents for a minute. A patient has social anxiety disorder. The brain. b. modeling. 99. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. d. libido. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? In the case of men. c. maintenance. b. Figure 2.10. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. 67. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. c. sociocultural
How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to:
a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. a. psychoanalysis. c. superego. b. cognitive-behavioral
Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Her therapy is MOST likely:
a. gestalt therapy. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence.
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