native american tribes of south texas and northern mexico

Divorce was permitted, but no grounds were specified other than "dissatisfaction." Since female infanticide was the rule, Maraime males doubtless obtained wives from other Indian groups. This name was derived by the Spanish from a Nahuatl word. Others no longer exist as tribes but may have living descendants. Despite forced assimilation and genocide at the hands of European colonizers, Coahuiltecan culture persists. They baked the roots for two days in a sort of oven. The Indians added salt to their foods and used the ash of at least one plant as a salt substitute. Ute people are from the Southern subdivision of the Numic-speaking branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, which are found almost entirely in the Western United States and Mexico. Some of the major languages that are known today are Comecrudo, Cotoname, Aranama, Solano, Sanan, as well as Coahuilteco. We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. Around the 1730s, the Apache Indians began to battle with the Spaniards. These groups ranged from Monterrey and Cadereyta northeast to Cerralvo. The Spanish missions, numerous in the Coahuiltecan region, provided a refuge for displaced and declining Indian populations. On special occasions women also wore animal-skin robes. Among the many Spaniards who came to the area were significant numbers of Basques from northern Spain. In 1990, there were 65,877. The largest indigenous groups represented in Chihuahua were: Tarahumara (70,842), Tepehuan (6,178), Nahua (1,011), Guarijio (917), Mazahua (740), Mixteco (603), Zapoteco (477), Pima (346), Chinanteco (301), and Otomi (220). These tribes were settlers in the . The Caddos in the east and northeast Texas were perhaps the most culturally developed. Most of their food came from plants. On Jan. 5, 1863, 10 miners traveling south on the Montana Trail were said to have been murdered by Indians. The Coahuiltecans were hunter-gatherers, and their villages were positioned near rivers and similar bodies of water. (1) Book by a Tribal Author (Your Choice of 10 Titles). The 2020 and 2021 USA Rankings show where the tribal casino golf course is ranked nationally when all USA commercial casinos are included to the list. Both tribes were possibly related by language to some of the Coahuiltecan. The remaining group is the Seri, who are found along the desert coast of north-central Sonora. But, the diseases spread through contact among indigenous peoples with trading. It is because of these harsh influences that most people in the United States and Texas are not familiar with Coahuiltecan or Tejano culture outside of the main population groups mostly located in South Texas, West Texas, and San Antonio. Their indefinite western boundaries were the vicinity of Monclova, Coahuila, and Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, and southward to roughly the present location of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, the Sierra de Tamaulipas, and the Tropic of Cancer. [2] To their north were the Jumano. Smaller game animals included the peccary and armadillo, rabbits, rats and mice, various birds, and numerous species of snakes, lizards, frogs, and snails. Nosie is a Native American surname given to several tribes living in the White Mountain Apache . (Currently, there are 573 Federallyrecognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities.) It comes from Mescalero Apache or Mescalero, an Apache tribe that lived around south-central New Mexico. Anonymous, These people moved into the region from the Arctic between the 1200s and . In it Indian groups became extinct at an early date. The first recorded epidemic in the region was 163639, and it was followed regularly by other epidemics every few years. As many groups became remnant populations at Spanish missions, mission registers and censuses should reveal much. Cabeza de Vaca recorded that some groups apparently returned to certain territories during the winter, but in the summer they shared distant areas rich in foodstuffs with others. The third branch of Uto-Aztecan, the Corachol-Aztecan family, is spoken by the Cora located on the plateau and gorges of the Sierra Madre of Nayarit and the Huichol in similar country of northern Jalisco and Nayarit. Cabeza de Vaca briefly described a fight between two adult males over a woman. There are 574 federally recognized Native American tribes in the country, about half associated with Indian reservations. Participants will receive mentorship sessions gid=196831 The Mariames are the best-described Indian group of northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. The remnants of the Baja California Indiansthe Tiipay (Tipai; of the Diegueo), Paipai (Akwaala), and Kiliwalive in ranch clusters and other tiny settlements in the mountains near the U.S. border. But they lacked the organization and political unity to mount an effective defense when a larger number of Spanish settlers returned in 1596. Denver (AP) U.S. officials will work to restore more large bison herds to Native American lands under a Friday order from Interior Secretary Deb Haaland that calls for the government to tap into Indigenous knowledge in its efforts to conserve the burly animals that are an icon of the American West. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coahuiltecan&oldid=1111385994, This page was last edited on 20 September 2022, at 18:43. During the colonial period, Native Americans had a complicated relationship with European settlers. Some of the Indians lived near the coast in winter. The Coahuiltecan appeared to be extinct as a people, integrated into the Spanish-speaking mestizo community. They traditionally lived in villages near creeks and rivers, from spring until fall, gathering nuts and wild plants. Stephen Silva Brave poses for a portrait with his notebook at Turner Park in Grand Prairie, Texas, on May 9, 2022. Some come from a single document, which may or may not cite a geographic location; others appear in fewer than a dozen documents, or in hundreds of documents. One settlement comprised fifteen houses arranged in a semicircle with an offset house at each end. The northeastern boundary is arbitrary. Organizations such as American Indians in Texas (AIT) at the Spanish Colonial Missions continue to work to preserve the culture of Indigenous Peoples residing in South Texas. Each country's indigenous populations can be called First Nations, Native Americans, and Native or Indigenous Mexican Americans. In the mid-20th century, linguists theorized that the Coahuiltecan belonged to a single language family and that the Coahuiltecan languages were related to the Hokan languages of present-day California, Arizona, and Baja California. Although this was exploitative, it was less destructive to Indian societies than slavery. Thoms, Alston V. "Historical Overview and Historical Context for Reassessing Coahuiltecan Extinction at Mission St. Juan", Last edited on 20 September 2022, at 18:43, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11402a.htm, "Padre Island Spanish Shipwrecks of 1554", "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs", "South Texas Plains Who Were the "Coahuiltecans"? Susquehannock - An Native American tribe that lived near the Susquehanna River in what's now the southern part of New York. Identifying the Indian groups who spoke Coahuilteco has been difficult. A large number of displaced Indians collected in the clustered missions, which generally had a military garrison (presidio) for protection. The Indians ate flowers of the prickly pear, roasted green fruit, and ate ripe fruit fresh or sun-dried on mats. Some settlements were small and moved frequently. A 17th-century historian of Nuevo Leon, Juan Bautista Chapa, predicted that all Indian and tribes would soon be "annihilated" by disease; he listed 161 bands that had once lived near Monterrey but had disappeared. The region has flat to gently rolling terrain, particularly in Texas. De Len records differences between the cultures within a restricted area. The Mariames, for example, ranged over two areas at least eighty miles apart. Documents for 174772 suggest that the Comecrudos of northeastern Tamaulipas may have numbered 400. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The US Marshals Service is teaming up with a Native American tribe based in Northern California for a new push aimed at addressing cases of missing and murdered Indigenous people, When a hunter killed a deer he marked a trail back to the encampment and sent women to bring the carcass home. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. They raised crops of corn, beans, and sunflowers on their farms. Members of the Coahuiltecan tribe are still fighting for representation and inclusion. Two powerful Southwest tribes were the exception: the Navajo (NA-vuh-hoh) and the Apache (uh-PA-chee). The total population of non-agricultural Indians, including the Coahuiltecan, in northeastern Mexico and neighboring Texas at the time of first contact with the Spanish has been estimated by two different scholars as 86,000 and 100,000. The areanow known as Bexar County has continued to be inhabited by Indigenous Peoples for over 14,000 years. Tel: 512-463-5474 Fax: 512-463-5436 Email TSLAC The top Native American casino golf course is Yocha Dehe Golf Club at Cache Creek casino Resort in Northern California. A day later, a group of White men headed to Salt Lake City got lost and were allegedly . Winter encampments went unnoted. They ate much of their food raw, but used an open fire or a fire pit for cooking. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/coahuiltecan-indians. The Indian peoples of northern Mexico today fall easily into two divisions. A man identified as a "Mission Indian," probably a Coahuiltecan, fought on the Texan side in the Texas Revolution in 1836. [19], Smallpox and measles epidemics were frequent, resulting in numerous deaths among the Indians, as they had no acquired immunity. In the summer they moved eighty miles to the southwest to gather prickly pear fruit. Havasupai Tribe 9. As stated on their website: The Mission of the American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions is to work for the preservation and protection of the culture and traditions of the Tap Pilam Coahuiltecan Nation and other Indigenous People of the Spanish Colonial Missions in South Texas and Northern Mexico through education, research, community outreach, economic development projects, and legislative initiatives at the federal, state, and local levels.. Akokisa. Southwest Indian Tribes are the Native American tribes that resided in the states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico Utah, and Nevada. The plain includes the northern Gulf Coastal Lowlands in Mexico and the southern Gulf Coastal Plain in the United States. Cocopah Indian Tribe 3. The most valuable information on population lies in the figures for the largest groups at any time. The Piman languages are spoken by four groups: the Pima Bajo of the Sierra Madre border of SonoraChihuahua; the Pima-Papago (Oodham) of northwest Sonora, who are identical with a much larger portion of the Tohono Oodham in the U.S. state of Arizona; the Tepecano, whose language is now extinct; and the Tepehuan, one enclave of which is located in southern Chihuahua and another in the sierras of southern Durango and of Nayarit and Zacatecas. (8) Tribal Nations Postcards: Southern Plains, Midwest, Northern Plains, Northwest, Southeast, Eastern Woodland, Southwest and the American Indian . Northern newcomers such as the Lipan Apaches, the Tonkawa, and the Comanches would also eventually encroach Payaya territory. [3] Most modern linguists, however, discount this theory for lack of evidence; instead, they believe that the Coahuiltecan were diverse in both culture and language. When speaking about ethnic peoples in anthropological terms, the indigenous tribes and nations from Canada through America and southward to Mexico are called Native North Americans. Updates? That's nearly 60,000 American Indians across the continent of North America. Creek (Muscogee) Population: 88,332 Do you know where the Creek got their name? Two or more groups often shared an encampment. The belief that all the Indians of the western Gulf province spoke languages related to Coahuilteco is the prime reason the Coahuiltecan orbit includes so many groups. Overwhelmed in numbers by Spanish settlers, most of the Coahuiltecan were absorbed by the Spanish and mestizo people within a few decades.[24]. In northeastern Coahuila and adjacent Texas, Spanish and Apache displacements created an unusual ethnic mix. Finally in 1743 a Spanish leader agreed to designate areas of Texas for the Apaches to live, easing the battle over land. By the mid-eighteenth century the Apaches, driven south by the Comanches, reached the coastal plain of Texas and became known as the Lipan Apaches. 57. This is only the latest addition to the portal; there is more to come as we begin to explore Central and South . The introduction of European livestock altered vegetation patterns, and grassland areas were invaded by thorny bushes. In summer, large numbers of people congregated at the vast thickets of prickly pear cactus south-east of San Antonio, where they feasted on the fruit and the pads and interacted socially with other bands. Many of the territories overlapped quite a bit. Many were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, in the 19th century. Handbook of Texas Online, It is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico on the east, a northwest-trending mountain chain on the west, and the southern margin of the Edwards Plateau of Texas on the north. Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. Corrections? Nearly half of Navajo Nation lives in Arizona. Mission Indian villages usually consisted of about 100 Indians of mixed groups who generally came from a wide area surrounding a mission. All but one were killed by the Indians. Winter camps are unknown. NCSL actively tracks more than 1,400 issue areas. Some families occasionally left an encampment to seek food separately. This encouraged ethnohistorians and anthropologists to believe that the region was occupied by numerous small Indian groups who spoke related languages and shared the same basic culture. Thomas N. Campbell, The Indians of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico: Selected Writings of Thomas Nolan Campbell (Austin: Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, 1988). Women covered the pubic area with grass or cordage, and over this occasionally wore a slit skirt of two deerskins, one in front, the other behind. Ak-Chin Indian Community 2. It was not until the signing of the Acto de Posesin that three San Antonio missions -Espada, Concepcin, and San Juan Capistrano - would be owned by the Native populations that inhabited them for centuries. Language and culture changes during the historic period lack definition. To the rear deerskin they attached a skin that reached to the ground, with a hem that contained sound-producing objects such as beads, shells, animal teeth, seeds, and hard fruits. Fieldwork that is substantively and meaningfully collaborative, which demonstrates significant partnership and engagement with, and attention to the goals/needs of focal Native American and Indigenous communities. Mesquite bean pods, abundant in the area, were eaten both green and in a dry state. Texas State Library and Archives. Information has not been analyzed and evaluated for each Indian group and its territorial range, languages, and cultures. Only the Huichol, Seri, and Tarahumara retained much of their pre-contact cultures. According to a report released by the Pew Research Center in 2017, 34.4% of Hispanics in the United States are immigrants, dropping from 40.1% in 2000. After a long decline, the missions near San Antonio were secularized in 1824. The state formed the Texas Commission for Indian Affairs in 1965 to oversee state-tribal relations; however, the commission was dissolved in 1989.[1]. Missions in South Texas became a place of refuge for the Indigenous populations in South Texas as well as where many Coahuiltecans adopted European farming techniques. Gila River Indian Community 8. Navajo Nation* 13. The number of Indian groups at the missions varied from fewer than twenty groups to as many as 100. In the winter the Indians depended on roots as a principal food source. Only in Nuevo Len did observers link Indian populations by cultural peculiarities, such as hairstyle and body decoration. Conflicts between the Coahuiltecan peoples and the Spaniards continued throughout the 17th century. Spaniards referred to an Indian group as a nacin, and described them according to their association with major terrain features or with Spanish jurisdictional units. Another Taracahitic group, the once prominent pata, have lost their own language and no longer maintain a separate identity. The two tribes, who were acting as a single political entity at this point, ceded their homelands to the U.S. Government in the Treaty of 1804. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. [22] That the Indians were often dissatisfied with their life at the missions was shown by frequent "runaways" and desertions. The range was approximately thirty miles. Both sexes shot fish with bow and arrow at night by torchlight, used nets, and captured fish underwater by hand along overhanging stream banks. By the mid-eighteenth century the Apaches, driven south by the Comanches, reached the coastal plain of Texas and became known as the Lipan Apaches. 1. He listed eighteen Indian groups at missions in southern Texas (San Antonio) and northeastern Coahuila (Guerrero) who spoke dialects of Coahuilteco. The Cherokee are a group of indigenous people in America's Southeastern Woodlands. In addition to the American Library Association's Executive Board's statement on racism, several ALAchaptershavestated their dedication to COVID-19 Resources for State Chapters. Men were in charge of hunting for food and protecting the camp. There was no obvious basis for classification, and major cultural contrasts and tribal organizations went unnoticed, as did similarities and differences in the native languages and dialects. In 1580, Carvajal, governor of Nuevo Leon, and a gang of "renegades who acknowledged neither God nor King", began conducting regular slave raids to capture Coahuiltecan along the Rio Grande. Fish were found in perennial streams, and both fish and shellfish in saline waters of the Gulf. During the winter of 1540-41, 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo, New Mexico, battled with the Spanish. The best information on Coahuiltecan-speaking groups comes from two missionaries, Damin Massanet and Bartolom Garca. [11] Along the Rio Grande, the Coahuiltecan lived more sedentary lives, perhaps constructing more substantial dwellings and using palm fronds as a building material. During his sojourn with the Mariames, Cabeza de Vaca never mentioned bison hunting, but he did see bison hides. Yocha Dehe ranks number five overall. [4] The best known of the languages are Comecrudo and Cotoname, both spoken by people in the delta of the Rio Grande and Pakawa. Little is said about Mariame warfare. In a ceremony in 1749, an Apache chief buried a hatchet to symbolize that the . These tribes would make up what became known as the wild west and would've been existing at the same time as the famous gunslingers. The survivors, perhaps one hundred people, attempted to walk southward to Spanish settlements in Mexico. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers, carrying their few possessions on their backs as they moved from place to place to exploit sources of food that might be available only seasonally. Some came from distant areas. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. The Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation is a collective of affiliated bands and clans including not only the Payaya, but also Pacoa, Borrado, Pakawan, Paguame, Papanac, Hierbipiame, Xarame, Pajalat, and Tilijae Nations. Several unrecognized organizations in Texas claim to be descendants of Coahuitecan people. Manso Indians. In 1886, ethnologist Albert Gatschet found the last known survivors of Coahuiltecan bands: 25 Comecrudo, 1 Cotoname, and 2 Pakawa. The women carried water, if needed, in twelve to fourteen pouches made of prickly pear pads, in a netted carrying frame that was placed on the back and controlled by a tumpline. Little is known about group displacement, population decline, and extinction or absorption. The course of the Guadalupe River to the Gulf of Mexico marks a boundary based on changes in plant and animal life, Indian languages and culture. The total population of non-agricultural Indians, including the Coahuiltecan, in northeastern Mexico and neighboring Texas at the time of first contact with the Spanish has been estimated by two different scholars as 86,000 and 100,000. The face had combinations of undescribed lines; among those who had hair plucked from the front of the head, the lines extended upward from the root of the nose. They also pulverized fish bones for food. The two descriptions suggest that those who stress cultural uniformity in the Western Gulf province have overemphasized the generic similarities in the hunting and gathering cultures. Only fists and sticks were used, and after the fight each man dismantled his house and left the encampment. The principal game animal was the deer. These groups, in turn, displaced Indians that had been earlier displaced. Northern Mexico is more arid and less favourable for human habitation than central Mexico, and its native Indian peoples have always been fewer in numbers and far simpler in culture than those of Mesoamerica. The total Indian population and the sizes of basic population units are difficult to assess. At present only the northwestern states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas have Indian populations. Hualapai Tribe 11. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca in 15341535 provided the earliest observations of the region. The hunter received only the hide; the rest of the animal was butchered and distributed. The battles were long and bloody, and often resulted in many deaths. Some were in remote areas, while others were clustered, often two to five in number, in small areas. Garca included only three names on Massanet's 169091 lists. Moore, R. E. "The Texas Coahuiltecan people", Texas Indians, Logan, Jennifer L. Chapter Eight: Linquistics", in, Coahuiltecan Indians. www.tashaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmcah, accessed 18 Feb 2012. Native American dances in Grapevine, Texas. NCSL conducts policy research in areas ranging from agriculture and budget and tax issues to education and health care to immigration and transportation. Group names and orthographic variations need study. The only container was either a woven bag or a flexible basket. They have met the seven criteria of an American Indian tribe: The three federally recognized tribes in Texas are: These are three Indian Reservations in Texas: Texas has "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes," as journalists Graham Lee Brewer and Tristan Ahtone wrote. Reliant on the buffalo. The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, is responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. People of similar hunting and gathering cultures lived throughout northeastern Mexico and southeastern Tejas, which included the Pastia, Payaya, Pampopa, and Anxau. Limited figures for other groups suggest populations of 100 to 300. The Mission of the American Indians in Texas at the Spanish Colonial Missions is to work for the preservation and protection of the culture and traditions of the Tap Pilam Coahuiltecan Nation and other indigenous people of the Spanish Colonial Missions in South Texas and Northern Mexico through: education, research, community outreach . Fort Mojave Indian Tribe* 6. The tribes listed below were the first to settle the land where each current state is located. Because the missions had an agricultural base they declined when the Indian labor force dwindled. The Indians used the bow and arrow and a curved wooden club. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). These are some of the tribes that have existed in what is now Texas. Variants of these names appear in documents that pertain to the northeastern Coahuila-Texas frontier. A total of 20 Reservations cover more than 19,000,000 acres, ranging in size from the very large Navajo Reservation, which is the size of West Virginia or Ireland, to the small Tonto Apache Reservation that covers just over 85 acres. A new tribe would move in and push the old tribe into a new territory. Dealing with censorship challenges at your library or need to get prepared for them? The Indians pulverized the pods in a wooden mortar and stored the flour, sifted and containing seeds, in woven bags or in pear-pad pouches. Some groups became extinct very early, or later were known by different names. [4] State-recognized tribes do not have the government-to-government relationship with the United States federal government that federally recognized tribes do. Colorado River Indian Tribes* 4. The Indians of Nuevo Len constructed circular houses, covered them with cane or grass, and made a low entrances. In 2001, the city of San Antonio recognized the Tp Plam Coahuiltecan Nation as the first Tribal families of San Antonio by proclamation. More than 30 organizations claim to represent historic tribes within Texas; however, these groups are unrecognized, meaning they do not meet the minimum criteria of federally recognized tribes[3] and are not state-recognized tribes. The first is Cabeza de Vaca's description of the Mariames of southern Texas, among whom he lived for about eighteen months in 153334. Most groups have a conscious desire to survive as distinct cultural entities. Many groups contained fewer than ten individuals. Southern Plain Indians, like the Lipan Apaches, the Tonkawa, and the Comanches, were nomadic people who dwelt in bison hide tepees that were easily moved and set up. At each campsite, they built small circular huts with frames of four bent poles, which they covered with woven mats. Arizona is home to 22 Native American tribes that represent more than 296,000 people. Native American tribes in Texas are the Native American tribes who are currently based in Texas and the Indigenous peoples of the Americas who historically lived in Texas. Research & Policy. for Library Service to Children (ALSC), Assn. Archeologists conducted investigations at the mission in order to prepare for projects to preserve the buildings. In the Guadalupe River area, the Indians made two-day hunting trips two or three times a year, leaving the wooded valley and going into the grasslands. Nosie. Eventually, the survivors passed into the lower economic levels of Mexican society. Women of this tribe would gather a plant called Mescal Agave while men would actively process it, giving the tribe its name. The men wore little clothing. Pueblo Indians. They carried their wood and water with them. The coast line from the Guadalupe River of Texas southward to central Tamaulipas has a chain of elongated, offshore barrier islands, behind which are shallow bays and lagoons. Bands thus were limited in their ability to survive near the coast, and were deprived of its other resources, such as fish and shellfish, which limited the opportunity to live near and employ coastal resources. In 1554, three Spanish vessels were wrecked on Padre Island. Women were in charge of the home and owned the tipi. Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation 5. The Rio Grande dominates the region. They show that people related to the Anzick child, part of the Clovis culture, quickly spread across both North and South America about 13,000 years ago. They wore little clothing. In the words of scholar Alston V. Thoms, they became readily visible as resurgent Coahuiltecans.[25]. The Mariames depended on two plants as seasonal staples-pecans and cactus fruit. In adding Mexico to the Portal, we discovered that there are several tribes with the same or similar names, owing to a long and complicated history within the region. $85 Value. The Apache is a group of Culturally linked Native American tribes at the Southwestern United States. The Lipan were the easternmost of the Apache tribes. Two Native American tribes - Mountain Crow and River Crow. Some Spanish names duplicate group names previously recorded. They lived in what's now Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Petroglyph National Monument. Several of the bands told De Leon they were from south of the Rio Grande river and from South Texas. On his 1691 journey he noted that a single language was spoken throughout the area he traversed. The Mariames numbered about 200 individuals who lived in a settlement of some forty houses. There were more than two dozen Native American groups living in the southeast region, loosely defined as spreading from North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico. Jumanos along the Rio Grande in west Texas grew beans, corn, squash and gathered mesquite beans, screw beans and prickly pear. The Spanish replaced slavery by forcing the Indians to move into the encomienda system. This belief in a widespread linguistic and cultural uniformity has, however, been questioned. Frequent conflict with Sioux, Shoshone and Blackfoot. Names were recorded unevenly. Indian Intruders: Comanche, Tonkawa, and Other Tribes By as early as the late 1600s, outside Indian groups had begun moving onto the South Texas Plains, accelerating the demise of the region's vulnerable indigenous peoples. The safety and security of Native American families, Tribal housing staff, and all in Indian Country is our top priority.

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